УМК Биболетовой, 10 класс. Тема "Древние цивилизации".
Цели:
активизировать материал по теме "Древние цивилизации"; закрепить навыки монологической речи; усовершенствовать навыки выполнения проектных заданий.
Оборудование:
ноутбуки (6 штук, на каждого ученика), грамоты для поощрения лучших работ.
I. Организационный момент.
-Good day, pupils!
-Good day, teacher!
-I’m glad to see you, sit down please. Who is on duty today? Who is absent?
Ok. What is the weather like today?
- The weather is not very cold, it"s shiny outside.
T: Let"s start our work. Today we will discuss different ancient civilisations.
II. Проектная работа учащихся. Этап самостоятельного выполнения задания.
В начале урока учитель объясняет порядок выполнения мини-проекта и раздает учащимся темы, упр. 41, стр.99. Если дети плохо знакомы с культурой предложенных цивилизаций, провести опрос среди учащихся на знание каких-либо фактов, которые могут помочь в составлении проектной работы.
Зачитать наводящую информацию:
1. Древние люди в России
(опора - текст из упр.5 стр.87).
2. Кельтское искусство
"Художественное наследие древних кельтов нельзя назвать многочисленным, потому что в хорошем состоянии сохранились в основном изделия из благородных металлов, золота, серебра и бронзы. Многие предметы из дерева, железа, кожи и ткани исчезли. То, что пощадило время, было разрушено человеком: в спешке зарыто без надежды когда-нибудь отыскать вновь или украдено и использовано для украшения зала какого-нибудь лорда или монастырского алтаря. Некоторые изделия похищены, сломаны или разделены между членами шайки грабителей в качестве трофеев; другие были расплавлены и исчезли навеки в слитке металла. Но то, что до нас дошло, представляет неоспоримую художественную ценность и проливает свет на особенности цивилизации кельтов - варварского племени, до сих пор во многом остающегося для нас загадкой.
Археологи и историки считают, что впервые кельтское искусство появилось в области Среднего Рейна, распространившись позднее до Верхнего Дуная и Марны (Вальдальгесхейм). Сфера его распространения расширялась постепенно и в один отдельный момент времени никогда не охватывала всей территории, населенной кельтами. Так, многие шедевры кельтского искусства изготовлены на Британских островах в I в. до н.э. - 1в. н.э., после того как кельты утратили контроль над своими континентальными владениями. В Ирландии, вне пределов досягаемости римских войск, оно сохранилось и после ухода римлян и в VII в. вдохновило художественное возрождение в Нортумбрии.
Ян Филип выделяет в кельтском искусстве несколько стилей: ранний латенский (V в. до н.э.), зрелый латенский (вальдальгесхеймский) стиль (со второй половины IV в. до н.э.), пластический стиль и стиль мечей (II в. до н.э.), островное кельтское искусство" (Взято с этого сайта
3. Древний Китай
"Древнекитайская цивилизация возникла на основе неолитических культур, сложившихся в V-III тысячелетиях до н. э. в среднем течении реки Хуанхэ. Бассейн Хуанхэ был главной территорией формирования этнической общности древних китайцев, одним из центров ранних мировых цивилизаций, в течение длительного времени развивавшимся в условиях относительной изоляции. Лишь с середины I тысячелетия до н. э. начинается процесс расширения территории, освоенной древними китайцами. Они постепенно распространяются в южном направлении, сначала в район бассейна Янцзы, а затем и дальше на юг. На грани нашей эры древнекитайское государство выходит уже далеко за пределы бассейна Хуанхэ, хотя северная граница, этнической территории древних китайцев оставалась почти неизменной." (Взято с этого сайта)
4. Раскопки в Трое
(Почитать можно )
Презентация выполнена Горяиновой Ириной, ученицей 10 класса МБОУ "Кармалинская СОШ" Нижнекамского района РТ.
Celtic ornaments are made up of individual units. Each node is created from a single thread - the thread of life. Thus, components and ornaments symbolize the path and are simultaneously symbolic cards Way. The Celts were forbidden to improve key parts of patterns, including their data gods.
Arts and Crafts became the main branch of Celtic art, which made a major contribution to the development of Central and Northern Europe. Virtuoso technique of processing from the beginning combined with a special attraction to the ornamentation and create lasting value products.
The Celts had a rich pantheon of gods, although their details are not many. The basis of religion is the idea of reincarnation. Human sacrifices were made only in the most extreme cases, when the country was threatened imminent death.
Celtic culture originated around the 1st millennium BC, it reached its peak at 5-4. n.e.Eta nation took up a large part of Europe: British Isles GalliyuSev. Italiyuchast Germaniichast Balkan peninsula of Spain
Data on the Continental Celts mythology (as well as pre-Roman Celtic Britain) are very fragmentary - are drawn mainly from archaeological sources (statues, reliefs depicting deities, the remnants of religious buildings, inscriptions with dedications, gravestone epitaphs, coins).
Celts value for European civilization has no analogy in the ancient history of Europe. They have enriched European civilization more advanced production methods and processes, introduced greater specialization of production and thus set the stage for further development in the Middle Ages . They completed the oldest in Central Europe the development of civilization . Later, they lost their political and economic positions , but Celtic tradition with charming echoes in small works of art and their mysterious world of heroic deeds , legends and stories , so stubbornly rooted especially in the West , became a rich treasure trove . European culture from which drew its outstanding representatives.
The motto of the Incas
Ama llulla, ama suwa, ama qilla
(Не лги, не воруй, не ленись)
Inca oral history mentions three possible places of origin of their people. Three caves near Pacariqtambo, Lake Titicaca, or a place known as Tambo.
There is some debate about the number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak, with estimates ranging from as few as 4 million people, to more than 37 million.
Language
Since the Inca Empire lacked a written language, the empire"s main form of communication and recording came from quipus, ceramics and spoken Quechua, the language the Incas imposed upon the peoples within the empire
Religion
The Inca believed in reincarnation. Death was a passage to the next world that was full of difficulties. The Incas made human sacrifices.
Diorite Inca sculpture from Amarucancha.
Deities:
Pachamama – The Goddess of earth and wife of Viracocha
Viracocha – Created all living things
Inca trade and coins
Weak development of the private exchange, trade, and the lack of any kind was the resellers - a feature of the Inca society, in contrast to the Aztecs.
In general, coins were not used in domestic trade, but in the outer shell had treatment mulu, coca leaves, clothing and copper hatchets
Progress
- In the Inca Empire had a developed transportation and irrigation networks;
- Roads;
- Mail ;
- Irrigation Inca;
- Water supply (lead-free);
- Metallurgy (silver and
- Ceramics;
- Medicine (penicillin)
Ancient Egypt, one of history"s first civilizations arose around the Nile River about 5,000 years ago. It lasted for over 2,000 years.
The Nile River was the centre of Ancient Egypt. The annual floods brought rich black soil to the banks of the Nile River and made it possible for farmers to grow crops. The river was also Egypt"s main transportation route.
The ancient Egyptians discovered many things. They invented the first kind of paper from the papyrus plant and were the first people to write in pictures, called hieroglyphs. But they became most famous for building stone structures, called pyramids, in which they buried their pharaohs. They still exist because the dry climate has preserved them for almost 5,000 years.
The people of ancient Egypt
The Egyptian population lived on both sides of the Nile valley and in the delta region. The ancient Egyptians had dark skin and dark hair. Most of them belonged to one of the three main classes. The upper class consisted of the pharaoh and his family, rich landowners, priests and doctors. Traders, merchants and craftsmen belonged to the middle class. Unskilled workers belonged to the lower class and worked on the fields of farms. Slaves were prisoners that the Egyptians took when they conquered foreign countries.
Daily life
Almost no other ancient culture gave women as many rights as Ancient Egypt. They could buy and sell land and goods, and even divorce their husbands. Still, the head of the family was the father. When he died his eldest son became its head.
Most Egyptians couldn"t read or write. Only a few upper class boys and girls went to special schools where they were taught to become scribes. Such scribes wrote official government documents.
Most boys became farmers and craftsmen. They followed their fathers and took on the same jobs. Girls were trained to become mothers and to give birth to children. They learned household chores from their mothers.
Bread made from wheat was the main source of food in Ancient Egypt. Richer families also had vegetables, fish and meat to eat. Middle and lower class people drank beer, the upper classes drank wine. Food was prepared on clay stoves.
Almost all Egyptians wore white clothes. Men wore skirts or robes and women wore skirts or dresses with shoulder straps. While most people went barefoot, richer people wore sandals on their feet. Women were very fond of wearing makeup. They painted their fingernails and put red powder on their lips. They also dyed their hair in many colours. Men and women liked wearing rings and other jewellery.
Egyptian houses were made of dried mud and had flat roofs. Poor people lived in simple huts while the richer people in the cities lived in buildings that had up to three floors. The houses had small windows to keep out the sun and help the house stay cool.
Ancient Egyptians did many different things in their free time. They liked to go swimming and fishing in the Nile River. Hunting crocodiles, lions and other wild animals were popular sports among ancient Egyptians.
Religion
The ancient Egyptians believed in several gods and goddesses. The most important god was the sun god Re (or Ra). People prayed to him for good harvests. The most famous goddess was Isis, who was seen as the ideal mother and wife. Her husband Osiris was the ruler of the dead.
Most Egyptians prayed at home. The gods and goddesses lived in great temples. One of the most famous is in Karnak. It consists of over 130 columns that are 25 meters high.
The Egyptians believed in life after death. They preserved people in mummies, so that their bodies would not decay. These mummies were then put into tombs or graves. Clothing, food and other items of their daily life were also put into the grave because the dead person might need them in their afterlife. Pictures of daily life were painted on the walls of such graves.
Work
Most ancient Egyptians were farmers. In a country that had almost no rainfall, Egyptian farmers depended on the Nile River. They built canals to bring water from the Nile River as far into their land as possible. They also prayed that the yearly floods would make their land fertile. The main crops were wheat and barley; some farmers produced dates, grapes and other fruits and vegetables.
Craftsmen had small shops and were very popular in Egypt. They made textiles, jewellery, bricks, pots and furniture. Building materials were limestone and sandstone that came from mines.
Travelling by boat on the Nile River was the main form of getting around. Early boats were made out of papyrus and moved by sticking poles into the water. Later on the Egyptians built sailing boats. On land people travelled with donkeys that could also carry food and other things.
Traders sailed to other neighbouring countries to get goods that they could not obtain in Egypt. They brought gold, ivory, skins, cattle and spices from Nubia, silver and wood from Syria and other areas of south-western Asia.
Architecture
Egypt"s pyramids are among the oldest buildings in the world. About 90 of them still stand on the Nile River. The three large pyramids at Giza belong to the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Great Pyramid is about 140 metres high and was built with over 2 million blocks of limestone. Next to it is the Great Sphinx, a masterpiece of Egyptian sculptors. It is a stone statue with the head of a person and the body of a lion.
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Celtic civilization was one of the vertices of the prehistory of Europe, this is the first known species of European culture. Their name "Celts" they received from the Greeks and the Romans called them Gauls . Celts - the direct descendants of the Indo-Europeans, as well as Russian and other Slavs. And where did the Indo-Europeans come from? Some researchers believe their homeland is Hyperborea - north country, some denied it, and put another hypotheses. The Celts came to Europe and settled on the islands long ago, long before Ellada was come the cradle of culture and art. In fact, the Celts marked the beginning of many tribes and cultures of Europe.
There are two versions of the Celts came from: 1) from the territory of today"s Iran, Afghanistan, northern India, and 2) from the North, with one of the islands - the cradle of Celtic civilization. Since the migration of Indo-Europeans had lasted for centuries, perhaps, both hypotheses are true. The earliest archaeological evidence associated with the Celts, date from the beginning of the third millennium BC. From about 500 BC Celts began to settle in Europe.
The Celts have a long and difficult road before appeared in Europe. Based on the results of excavations on the territory Russia, they started this great way from the southern Urals. After passing through the northern Black Sea coast, they moved further to the Baltic Sea, showed up in northern France, and only then, much later spread throughout Europe.
Not only is the commitment to the past and the inflexible character of the Celts have always been distinguished from other nations. The Celts saw the world differently than others. For them it was a fantastically beautiful, inhabited by countless fascinating creatures. Perhaps such a poetic vision of the world, they were required to druids - keepers of antiquity, priests, teachers, poets and predictors.
Druids, priests of the Celts, created a powerful organization, covering all habitat sof the Celts, and which had a huge political authority. This organization had no analogues among the religious organizations of the ancient and modern times. All of their religious ceremonies are held in the wooden groves. Druids are forbidden to write down their main teaching, that`s why we know so little about that. Mostly known for that part, which the Druids handed the youth.
The success of the expansion of the Celts in Europe is not only due their exceptional military virtues, but also new technologies. They brought to Europe the Iron Age and horse chariots, their weapons were more advanced, vehicles(including ships) - faster. Despite the minimum of written sources, largely abandoned by the Celts and other peoples, the Celts have left an imprint on world culture. The trouble of Celts, who moved to Europe, was that under the influence of the Druids, and they have an archaic clan-political organization and does not want to create a centralized state, for which they paid the price - they defeated the Romans.
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The British archaeologist Gordon Childe worked out a theory explaining how a culture transforms into a civilization.
Gordon Childe wrote that a civilization is characterized by the invention of writing, mathematics, monumental architecture, long-distance trade, wheeled carts irrigation technology and some other features.
Like ancient Egypt in Africa, the Mayan civilization in Central America deserves a special mention. There is no other country that has so many wonders.
The Mayan civilization was formed in 2000 B.C. and existed up to 250 A.D. it is known due to its writing, mathematics and astronomy.
The Mayans built stone cities with grand pyramid temples which were densely populated.
They made a complicated system of basins and reservoirs to collect water.
Their calendars can be used even nowadays.
They were hunters, gatherers and farmers. The main crops were cereals, vegetables and fruit. They used the cotton plant to make clothing. Mayans also kept cows, pigs, goats and sheep.
Hunting and fishing allowed them to make their diet more varied.
But still they couldn’t fight against nature, so one of the reasons that caused their collapse was the intense drought.
The Mayan culture played a great role in the history of mankind. Even nowadays we can see the sight of its culture. First of all, the descendants of ancient Mayans are not only Mayans who preserved their language and some traditions but some Spanish speaking people of Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras, their calendar-system is very exact though complicated and their writing-system is unique.
The modern religion of Mayans is a mixture of Christianity with some features of ancient Mayans whose main God was the Sun.
